127
(6): 713-8.
28. Spaide RF. Fundus autofluorescence and age-related macular de-
generation. Ophthalmology 2003; 110 (2): 392-9.
29. Shimada H, Kawamura A, Mori R, Yuzawa M. Clinicopatho-
logical findings of retinal angiomatous proliferation. Graefes Arch
Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245 (2): 295-300.
30. Monson DM, Smith JR, Klein ML, Wilson DJ. Clinicopathologic
correlation of retinal angiomatous proliferation. Arch Ophthalmol
2008; 126 (12): 1664-8.
31. Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, Keyt BA, Jampel HD, Shah ST,
Pasquale LR, Thieme H, Iwamoto MA, Park JE, et al. Vascular
endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic
retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med 1994; 331
(22): 1480-7.
32. Tolentino MJ, Miller JW, Gragoudas ES, Jakobiec FA, Flynn E,
Chatzistefanou K, Ferrara N, Adamis AP. Intravitreous injections
of vascular endothelial growth factor produce retinal ischemia and
microangiopathy in an adult primate. Ophthalmology 1996; 103
(11): 1820-8.
33. Bottoni F, Massacesi A, Cigada M, Viola F, Musicco I, Staurenghi
G. . Treatment of retinal angiomatous proliferation in age-related
macular degeneration: a series of 104 cases of retinal angiomatous
proliferation. Arch Ophthalmol 2005; 123 (12): 1644-50.
34. Johnson TM, Glaser BM. Focal laser ablation of retinal angi-
omatous proliferation. Retina 2006; 26 (7): 765-72. Erratum in:
Retina 2007; 27 (2): 263.
35. Borrillo JL, Sivalingam A, Martidis A, Federman JL. Surgical abla-
tion of retinal angiomatous proliferation. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;
121 (4): 558-61.
36. Shimada H, Mori R, Arai K, Kawamura A, Yuzawa M. Surgical
excision of neovascularization in retinal angiomatous proliferation.
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2005; 243 (6): 519-24.
37. Boscia F, Furino C, Prascina F, Delle Noci N, Sborgia L, Sborgia
C. Combined surgical ablation and intravitreal triamcinolone ac-
etonide for retinal angiomatous proliferation. Eur J Ophthalmol
2005; 15 (4): 513-6.
38. Nakata M, Yuzawa M, Kawamura A, Shimada H. Combining
surgical ablation of retinal inflow and outflow vessels with photo-
dynamic therapy for retinal angiomatous proliferation. Am J Oph-
thalmol 2006; 141 (5): 968-70.
39. Shiragami C, Iida T, Nagayama D, Baba T, Shiraga F. Recurrence
after surgical ablation for retinal angiomatous proliferation. Retina
2007; 27 (2): 198-203.
40. Criswell MH, Ciulla TA, Lowseth LA, Small W, Danis RP, Carson
DL. Anastomotic vessels remain viable after photodynamic therapy
in primate models of choroidal neovascularization. Invest Ophthal-
mol Vis Sci 2005; 46 (6): 2168-74.
41. Kusserow C, Michels S, Schmidt-Erfurth U. [Chorioretinal anas-
tomosis as unfavourable prognostic factor during photodynamic
therapy]. Ophthalmologe 2003; 100 (3): 197-202.
42. Boscia F, Furino C, Sborgia L, Reibaldi M, Sborgia C. Photody-
namic therapy for retinal angiomatous proliferations and pigment
epithelium detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 138 (6): 1077-9.
43. Boscia F, Parodi MB, Furino C, Reibaldi M, Sborgia C. Photody-
namic therapy with verteporfin for retinal angiomatous prolifera-
tion. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244 (10): 1224-32.
44. Sutter FK, Kurz-Levin MM, Fleischhauer J, Bösch MM, Bar-
thelmes D, Helbig H. Macular atrophy after combined intravit-
real triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) and photodynamic therapy
(PDT) for retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). Klin Monatsbl
Augenheilkd 2006; 223 (5): 376-8.
45. Mantel I, Ambresin A, Zografos L. Retinal angiomatous prolifera-
tion treated with a combination of intravitreal triamcinolone aceto-
nide and photodynamic therapy with verteporfin. Eur J Ophthal-
mol 2006; 16 (5): 705-10.
46. van de Moere A, Kak R, Sandhu SS, Talks SJ. Anatomical and
visual outcome of retinal angiomatous proliferation treated with
photodynamic therapy and intravitreal triamcinolone. Am J Oph-
thalmol 2007; 143 (4): 701-4.
47. Reche-Frutos J, Calvo-Gonzalez C, Donate-Lopez J, Garcia-Feijoo
J, Saenz-Frances F, Fernandez-Perez C, Garcia-Sanchez J. Retinal
angiomatous proliferation reactivation 6 months after high-dose
intravitreal acetonide triamcinolone and photodynamic therapy.
Eur J Ophthalmol 2007; 17 (6): 979-82.
48. Montero JA, Ruiz-Moreno JM, Sanabria MR, Fernandez-Munoz
M. Efficacy of intravitreal and periocular triamcinolone associated
with photodynamic therapy for treatment of retinal angiomatous
proliferation. Br J Ophthalmol 2009; 93 (2): 166-70.
49. Krebs I, Krepler K, Stolba U, Goll A, Binder S. Retinal angioma-
tous proliferation: combined therapy of intravitreal triamcinolone
acetonide and PDT versus PDT alone. Graefes Arch Clin Exp
Ophthalmol 2008; 246 (2): 237-43.
50. Lai TY, Chan WM, Liu DT, Lam DS. Ranibizumab for retinal
angiomatous proliferation in neovascular age-related macular de-
generation. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2007; 245 (12):
1877-80.
51. Konstantinidis L, Mameletzi E, Mantel I, Pournaras JA, Zografos
L, Ambresin A. Intravitreal ranibizumab (Lucentis) in the treat-
ment of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP). Graefes Arch
Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247 (9): 1165-71.
52. Montero JA, Fernandez MI, Gomez-Ulla F, Ruiz-Moreno JM.
Efficacy of intravitreal bevacizumab to treat retinal angiomatous
proliferation stage II and III. Eur J Ophthalmol 2009; 19 (3):
448-51.
53. Ghazi NG, Knape RM, Kirk TQ, Tiedeman JS, Conway BP.
Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) treatment of retinal angioma-
tous proliferation. Retina. 2008; 28 (5): 689-95.
54. Rouvas AA, Papakostas TD, Vavvas D, Vergados I, Moschos
MM, Kotsolis A, ID. Intravitreal ranibizumab, intravitreal
ranibizumab with PDT, and intravitreal triamcinolone with
PDT for the treatment of retinal angiomatous proliferation: a
prospective study. Retina 2009; 29 (4): 536-44.
55. Saito M, Shiragami C, Shiraga F, Nagayama D, Iida T. Com-
bined intravitreal bevacizumab and photodynamic therapy for
retinal angiomatous proliferation. Am J Ophthalmol 2008; 146
(6): 935-41.
56. Shima C, Gomi F, Sawa M, Sakaguchi H, Tsujikawa M, Tano
Y. One-year results of combined photodynamic therapy and
intravitreal bevacizumab injection for retinal pigment epithe-
lial detachment secondary to age-related macular degeneration.
Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247 (7): 899-906.
57. Scott AW, Bressler SB. Retinal angiomatous proliferation or
retinal anastomosis to the lesion RAP or RAL. Eye 2010; 24:
491-496
Neovascular Phenotypes: RAP (Retinal angiomatous proliferation)
