106
1.
Bird AC, Bressler NM, Bressler SB et al. An International
Classification and Grading System for Age-Related Macu-
lopathy and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. The In-
ternational ARM Epidemiology Study Group. Surv Oph-
thalmol. 1995; 39: 367-374.
2.
Buch H, Vinding T, Nielsen NV et al. 14-year incidence
progression and visual morbidity of age-related macu-
lopaty: The Copenhagen City Eye Study. Ophthalmology.
2005; 112:787-798.
3.
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. The Age-
Related Eye Disease Study Severity Scale for Age-Related
Macular Degeneration: Age-Related Eye Disease Study
(AREDS) report nº 17. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005; 123:
1484-1498.
4.
Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk fac-
tors for the incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular
Degeneration in Age-Related Eye disease Study: AREDS
report nº 8. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008; 119:1417-1436.
5.
Gass JDM. Drusen and disciform macular detachment
and degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol.1973; 90:206-217.
6.
Ferris FL, Fine SL, Hyman L. Age-related macular degen-
eration and blindness due to neovascular maculopathy.
Arch Ophthalmol. 1984; 102:1640-1642.
7.
Klein R, Klein BE, Linton KL. Prevalence of age-related
maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmol-
ogy.1992; 99:933-943.
8.
Vingerling JR, Dielmans I, Hofman A, et al. The preva-
lence of age-related maculopathy in the Rotterdam Study.
Ophthalmology.1995;102:205-210.
9.
Mitchell P, Smith W, Attebo K, Wang JJ. Prevalence of age-
related maculopathy in Australia. The Blue Mountais Eye
Study . Ophthalmology.1995; 102:1450-1460.
10. Smith W, Assink J, Klein R, et al. Risk factors for age-
related macular degeneration: Pooled findings from three
continents. Ophthalmology. 2001; 108:697-704.
11. Fraser-Bell S, Wu J, Klein R, et al. Smoking, Alcohol In-
take, Estrogen Use, and Age-related Macular Degeneration
in Latinos: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Am J Oph-
thalmology. 2006; 141: 79-87.
12. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk fac-
tors associated with age-related macular degeneration: A
case-control study in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study:
AREDS report nº3. Ophthalmolgy.2000; 107:2224-2232.
13. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Risk fac-
tors for the incidence of Advanced Age-Related Macular
Degeneration in Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS
report nº 19. Ophthalmology.2005; 112:533-539.
14. Friedman DS, Katz J, Bressler NM, et al. Racial differences
in the prevalence of age-related macular degeneration: the
Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology.1999; 106:1049-
1055.
15. Klein R, Klein BE, Knudtson M, et al. Pevalence of Age-
related Macular Degeneration in 4 Racial/Ethnic Groups
in the Multi-ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Ophthalmol-
ogy.2006; 113:373-380.
16. Klein R, Klein BE, Tomany SC. The Association of Car-
diovascular Disease with the Long-term Incidence of Age-
Related Maculopathy: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Oph-
thalmology. 2002; 110:1273-1280.
17. Tan JS, Mitchell P, Smith W, Wang JJ, et al. Cardiovascular
Risk Factors and the Long-term Incidence of Age-Related
Macular Degeneration: The Blue Mountais Eye Study.
Ophthalmology. 2009; 114:1143-1149.
18. Postel EA, Agarwal A, Caldwell J, et al. Complement Fac-
tor H Increases Risk for Atrophic Age-Related Macular
Degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2006; 113:1504-1507.
19. Dominiek DG, Cornelia MD, Oostra BA, et al. Comple-
ment Component C3 and Risk of Age-Related Macular
Degeneration. Ophthalmology. 2009; 115:474-480.
20. Cameron DJ, Yang Z, et al. HTRA1 variant confer similar
risk to Geographic Atrophy and Neovascular Age-Related
Macular Degeneration. Cell Cycle 2007; 6:9, 1122-1125.
21. MajewskiJ, Schultz DW, Weleber RG, et al. Age-Related
Macular Degeneration: a genome scan in extended fami-
lies. Am J Hum Genet. 2003; 73: 540-550.
22. Abecasis GR, Yashar BM, Zhao Y, et al. Age-related macu-
lar degeneration : a high resolution genome scan for sus-
ceptibility loci in a population enriched for late-stage dis-
ease. Am J Hum Genet. 2004; 74:482-494.
23. Klein ML, Ferris FLIII, Armstrong J, et al. (AREDS Re-
search Group). Retinal Precursors and the Development
of Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degenera-
tion. Ophthalmolgy. 2008; 115:1026-1031.
24. Pauleikhoff D, Spital G, Bird AC. A Fluorescein and In-
docyanine Green Angiographic Study of Choriocapillaris
in Age-related Macular Disease. Arch Ophthalmol. 1999;
117:1353-1358.
25. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group. Natural
History of Drusenoid Pigment Epithelial Detachment in
Age-Related Macular Degeneration: AREDS report nº 28.
Ophthalmology.2010; 117:489-499.
26. Casswell AG Kohen D, Bird AC. Retinal pigment epithe-
lial detachments in the elderly: classification and outcome.
Br J Ophthalmol. 1985; 69:397-403.
27. Sparrow JR, Boulton M. Lipofuscin and its role in retinal
pathobiology. Exp Eye Res.2005; 80:595-606.
28. Sarks JP, Sarks SH, Killingsworth M. Evolution of geo-
graphic atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. EYE.
1988; 2:552-577.
29. Lutty G, Grunwald J, Majji AB,et al. Changes in chori-
ocapillaris and retinal pigment epithelium in age-related
macular degeneration. Mol Vis. 1999;5:35. PUBMED.
30. McLeod DS, Taomoto M, Otsuji T, et al. Quantifying
Changes in RPE and Choroidal Vasculature in Eyes with
Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol
Vis Sci. 2002; 43:1986-1993.
31. Curcio CA, Medeiros NE, Milican CL. Photoreceptor
Loss in Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Invest Oph-
thalmol Vis Sci. 1996; 37:1236-1249.
32. Kim SY, Sadda S, Humayun MS, et al. Morphometric
Analysis of the Macula in Eyes With Geographic Atrophy
due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Retina. 2002;
22:464-470.
References:
